{"id":16,"date":"2012-12-27T18:24:55","date_gmt":"2012-12-27T18:24:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.boto.cz\/?page_id=16"},"modified":"2013-03-12T20:44:58","modified_gmt":"2013-03-12T20:44:58","slug":"o-tme-v-beskydech","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/www.boto.cz\/?page_id=16","title":{"rendered":"O tm\u011b v Beskydech"},"content":{"rendered":"

Tma je v noci stav p\u0159irozen\u00fd, stejn\u011b jako sv\u011btlo ve dne. Velk\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f je aktivn\u00ed v noci (nap\u0159\u00edklad u n\u011bkter\u00fdch hmyz\u00edch \u0159\u00e1d\u016f i 80 %). Dne\u0161n\u00ed zp\u016fsob vyu\u017eit\u00ed elekt\u0159iny p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed probl\u00e9m nadm\u011brn\u00e9ho sv\u00edcen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 v\u00e1\u017en\u011b naru\u0161uje p\u0159irozen\u00e9 \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed a chov\u00e1n\u00ed \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f i rostlin. Z tohoto d\u016fvodu by m\u011bla b\u00fdt ochrana no\u010dn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed samoz\u0159ejmou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed managementu chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Sv\u011bteln\u00e9 zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed zp\u016fsobuj\u00ed um\u011bl\u00e9 zdroje sv\u011btla \u2013 ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 osv\u011btlen\u00ed, reklamn\u00ed pouta\u010de, pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 objekty, nebo n\u00e1kupn\u00ed z\u00f3ny. Dobr\u00e1 nejsou ta sv\u00edtidla, kter\u00e1 sv\u00edt\u00ed bez u\u017eitku do horn\u00edho poloprostoru, lidem do oken byt\u016f apod. Sv\u011btlo z um\u011bl\u00fdch zdroj\u016f osv\u011btlen\u00ed se rozptyluje na \u010d\u00e1stic\u00edch v zemsk\u00e9 atmosf\u00e9\u0159e a zp\u016fsobuje zesv\u011btlen\u00ed oblohy. Obloha uprost\u0159ed velkom\u011bst je natolik sv\u011btl\u00e1, \u017ee zde lze pouh\u00fdm okem spat\u0159it jen n\u011bkolik nejjasn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch hv\u011bzd. Ve st\u0159edn\u011b velk\u00fdch m\u011bstech jsou to des\u00edtky, za m\u011bstem a\u017e stovky hv\u011bzd. Daleko od m\u011bst je pak mo\u017en\u00e9 pouh\u00fdm okem spat\u0159it a\u017e n\u011bkolik tis\u00edc hv\u011bzd. V Beskydech je to kolem 2000 hv\u011bzd. A na nejtmav\u0161\u00edch lokalit\u00e1ch na sv\u011bt\u011b (vrcholky Havajsk\u00fdch \u010di Kan\u00e1rsk\u00fdch ostrov\u016f, pou\u0161\u0165 Atacama v Chile, neos\u00eddlen\u00e9 oblasti Afriky \u010di Austr\u00e1lie) je to 3000-4000 hv\u011bzd!<\/p>\n

Sv\u011bteln\u00e9 zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed se ale net\u00fdk\u00e1 jen m\u011bst a jejich bl\u00edzk\u00e9ho okol\u00ed! Rozpt\u00fdlen\u00e9 sv\u011btlo se projevuje na des\u00edtky kilometr\u016f od velk\u00fdch m\u011bst, tak\u017ee ovliv\u0148uje jas oblohy a sv\u011btlost krajiny i daleko v hor\u00e1ch. Nejde jen o zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fd jas oblohy, kter\u00fd zt\u011b\u017euje pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed slab\u0161\u00edch vesm\u00edrn\u00fdch objekt\u016f a proto vad\u00ed astronom\u016fm. Sv\u011bteln\u00e9 zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed m\u00e1 vliv i na \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/p>\n

P\u0159i \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed problematiky sv\u011bteln\u00e9ho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed nejde o to zhasnout, ale sv\u00edtit \u00fa\u010deln\u011bji. Je vhodn\u00e9 m\u00edt takov\u00e1 sv\u00edtidla, kter\u00e1 budou sv\u00edtit KDY je pot\u0159eba, KAM je pot\u0159eba a JAK SILN\u011a je pot\u0159eba. V\u00edce najdete na str\u00e1nce jak sv\u00edtit l\u00e9pe<\/a>.<\/p>\n

N\u00edzk\u00e1 hustota obyvatelstva v Beskydech jde ruku v ruce s malou m\u00edrou sv\u011bteln\u00e9ho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed. Plat\u00ed jednoduch\u00e9 pravidlo, \u017ee \u010d\u00edm bl\u00ed\u017ee k lidsk\u00fdm s\u00eddl\u016fm, t\u00edm v\u00edce je p\u0159\u00edroda v noci naru\u0161ena sv\u011btlem z m\u011bst. Ve st\u0159edn\u00ed Evrop\u011b u\u017e je velice t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 nal\u00e9zt m\u00edsta s p\u0159\u00edrodn\u011b tmavou oblohou, tj. bez zn\u00e1mek sv\u011bteln\u00e9ho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed. Beskydy bohu\u017eel mezi n\u011b ji\u017e nepat\u0159\u00ed. Ale i zde je obloha daleko tmav\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e na velk\u00e9 v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b \u00fazem\u00ed st\u0159edn\u00ed Evropy. Proto je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 sna\u017eit se tento stav zachovat, pop\u0159. zlep\u0161it.<\/p>\n

A co se d\u00e1 na jasn\u00e9, bezm\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00e9 noci v Beskydech pozorovat?<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Ml\u00e9\u010dn\u00e1 dr\u00e1ha<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Ml\u00e9\u010dn\u00e1 dr\u00e1ha je st\u0159\u00edb\u0159it\u00fd p\u00e1s t\u00e1hnouc\u00ed se p\u0159es celou oblohu. Ml\u00e9\u010dn\u00e1 dr\u00e1ha nen\u00ed nic jin\u00e9ho, ne\u017e spir\u00e1ln\u00ed ramena na\u0161\u00ed Galaxie \u010d\u00edtaj\u00edc\u00ed stovky miliard hv\u011bzd a oblaka mezihv\u011bzdn\u00e9ho plynu a prachu. Slunce je jednou z t\u011bchto hv\u011bzd v na\u0161\u00ed Galaxii. Ke spat\u0159en\u00ed Ml\u00e9\u010dn\u00e9 dr\u00e1hy sta\u010d\u00ed vyjet p\u00e1r kilometr\u016f za m\u011bsto. Av\u0161ak jej\u00ed nejkr\u00e1sn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed detaily spat\u0159\u00edte pouze na tmav\u00e9 obloze, daleko od sv\u011btel um\u011bl\u00e9ho osv\u011btlen\u00ed. I v Beskydech lze za\u017e\u00edt \u00fachvatn\u00fd pohled na Ml\u00e9\u010dnou dr\u00e1hu se spoustou tmav\u00fdch oblast\u00ed, kter\u00e9 jsou tvo\u0159eny mezihv\u011bzdn\u00fdm prachem zasti\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edm vzd\u00e1len\u011bj\u0161\u00ed hv\u011bzdy. Nejhez\u010d\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti Ml\u00e9\u010dn\u00e9 dr\u00e1hy lze spat\u0159it na letn\u00ed obloze v souhv\u011bzd\u00edch Labut\u011b, Orla a \u0160t\u00edtu.<\/p>\n

\"Ml\u00e9\u010dn\u00e1<\/a>
\nMl\u00e9\u010dn\u00e1 dr\u00e1ha v BOTO. Foto Jan Kondziolka.<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

Zodiak\u00e1ln\u00ed sv\u011btlo<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Nebo t\u00e9\u017e zv\u00ed\u0159etn\u00edkov\u00e9 sv\u011btlo. Jde o meziplanet\u00e1rn\u00ed prach ve Slune\u010dn\u00ed soustav\u011b, kter\u00fd je osv\u011btlen Sluncem. My pak na Zemi pozorujeme slab\u00fd sv\u011bteln\u00fd p\u00e1s t\u00e1hnouc\u00ed se v ide\u00e1ln\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b po cel\u00e9 obloze<\/a>. Nejjasn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je nejbl\u00ed\u017e Slunci, tzn. za soumraku (\u010di p\u0159ed sv\u00edt\u00e1n\u00edm) jako \u0161ikm\u00fd ku\u017eel sv\u011btla. D\u00e1le je tak\u00e9 mo\u017eno pozorovat protislune\u010dn\u00ed bod, tzv. protisvit. \u00dahel n\u00e1klonu zv\u00ed\u0159etn\u00edkov\u00e9ho sv\u011btla \u00a0se v pr\u016fb\u011bhu roku m\u011bn\u00ed. Sv\u011btlo se toti\u017e prom\u00edt\u00e1 pod\u00e9l roviny ob\u011bhu Zem\u011b kolem Slunce (ekliptiky). Ide\u00e1ln\u00ed pozorovac\u00ed podm\u00ednky jsou v obdob\u00ed kolem jarn\u00ed rovnodennosti, kdy lze ku\u017eel zv\u00ed\u0159etn\u00edkov\u00e9ho sv\u011btla spat\u0159it po setm\u011bn\u00ed nad z\u00e1padn\u00edm obzorem. Dal\u0161\u00ed mo\u017enost\u00ed je obdob\u00ed kolem podzimn\u00ed rovnodennosti, kdy je nejl\u00e9pe viditeln\u00e9 r\u00e1no p\u0159ed sv\u00edt\u00e1n\u00edm nad v\u00fdchodn\u00edm obzorem.<\/p>\n

\"Zv\u00ed\u0159etn\u00edkov\u00e9<\/a>
\nZv\u00ed\u0159etn\u00edkov\u00e9 sv\u011btlo na Gruni v Beskydech. Jasn\u00fd bod je planeta Venu\u0161e. Foto Jan Kondziolka.<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

Pol\u00e1rn\u00ed z\u00e1\u0159e<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Ano, i do na\u0161ich zem\u011bpisn\u00fdch \u0161\u00ed\u0159ek m\u016f\u017ee \u010das od \u010dasu pol\u00e1rn\u00ed z\u00e1\u0159e zasahovat. Nej\u010dast\u011bji je tento jev viditeln\u00fd z pol\u00e1rn\u00edch oblast\u00ed. Pol\u00e1rn\u00ed z\u00e1\u0159e\u00a0souvis\u00ed se slune\u010dn\u00ed aktivitou. Slunce je hv\u011bzda – velk\u00e1 koule \u017ehav\u00e9ho plazmatu. Na slune\u010dn\u00edm povrchu doch\u00e1z\u00ed k dramatick\u00fdm d\u011bj\u016fm (erupce a v\u00fdrony hmoty). P\u0159i erupc\u00edch se do okoln\u00edho prostoru uvol\u0148uj\u00ed velk\u00e9 oblaka nabit\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic. P\u0159i z\u00e1sahu Zem\u011b takov\u00fdm oblakem za\u010dnou nabit\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice interagovat se zemskou atmosf\u00e9rou a excitovan\u00e9 atomy v zemsk\u00e9 atmosf\u00e9\u0159e vykouzl\u00ed n\u00e1dhern\u00e9 divadlo v podob\u011b pol\u00e1rn\u00ed z\u00e1\u0159e. Je to velmi dynamick\u00fd jev, kdy se vzhled z\u00e1\u0159e m\u011bn\u00ed ka\u017ed\u00fdch p\u00e1r sekund.
\nSlune\u010dn\u00ed aktivita kol\u00eds\u00e1 v period\u011b cca 11 let. Kdy\u017e je Slunce v\u00a0maximu sv\u00e9 aktivity, “chrl\u00ed” k\u00a0Zemi \u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed oblaky nabit\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stic. V tomto obdob\u00ed m\u00e1me v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u0161anci pozorovat pol\u00e1rn\u00ed z\u00e1\u0159i i ze st\u0159edn\u00ed Evropy. Aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed maximum nast\u00e1v\u00e1 okolo roku 2013. Zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e1 aktivita trv\u00e1 a\u017e n\u011bkolik let kolem tohoto data. Jist\u011b se tedy m\u00e1me na co t\u011b\u0161it.<\/p>\n

\"Pol\u00e1rn\u00ed<\/a>
\nPol\u00e1rn\u00ed z\u00e1\u0159e, jak ji zachytil Martin Ma\u0161ek 26.9.2011 v Jizersk\u00e9 oblasti tmav\u00e9 oblohy.<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

Airglow<\/strong><\/h3>\n

N\u00e1zev airglow by se dal voln\u011b p\u0159elo\u017eit jako z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed vzduchu. Mechanismus vzniku je podobn\u00fd jako u pol\u00e1rn\u00edch z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed. Akt\u00e9rem v\u0161ak zde nejsou nabit\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stice slune\u010dn\u00edho v\u011btru, ale samotn\u00e9 slune\u010dn\u00ed z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na jeho ultrafialov\u00e1 slo\u017eka. Vzduch ve vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch vrstv\u00e1ch atmosf\u00e9ry se b\u011bhem dne \u201enasyt\u00ed\u201c energi\u00ed, kterou pak v pr\u016fb\u011bhu noci vyd\u00e1v\u00e1 formou slab\u00e9ho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed. To je tak slab\u00e9, \u017ee pro jeho spat\u0159en\u00ed je nutn\u00e1 co nejtmav\u0161\u00ed obloha. I potom je airglow o\u010dima pozorovateln\u00fd pouze jako \u201etu\u0161en\u00ed\u201c jasn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti oblohy. Barvy nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 okem pozorovat, proto\u017ee jeho intenzita nesta\u010d\u00ed k podr\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed \u010d\u00edpk\u016f (sv\u011btlocitliv\u00fdch bun\u011bk zp\u016fsobuj\u00edc\u00ed barevn\u00e9 vid\u011bn\u00ed) v oku a vn\u00edm\u00e1me ho jen ty\u010dinkami (\u010dernob\u00edl\u00e9 vid\u011bn\u00ed). Na fotografii s del\u0161\u00ed expozic\u00ed pak vynikne jako zelen\u00e9 p\u00e1sy p\u0159i obzoru, nebo i po cel\u00e9 obloze.<\/p>\n

\"Airglow<\/a>
\nAirglow v Beskydech, foto Jan Kondziolka.<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

St\u00edny<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Na to, \u017ee objekty osv\u011btlen\u00e9 Sluncem \u010di M\u011bs\u00edcem vrhaj\u00ed st\u00edn, jsme ji\u017e zvykl\u00ed. V\u011bd\u011bli jste v\u0161ak, \u017ee planeta Venu\u0161e m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt n\u011bkdy tak jasn\u00e1, \u017ee objekty osv\u011btlen\u00e9 Venu\u0161\u00ed mohou vrhat sv\u016fj st\u00edn? A nejen Venu\u0161e. Pozorovatel\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed pozorovali v m\u00edstech s absenc\u00ed sv\u011bteln\u00e9ho zne\u010di\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, tedy na p\u0159\u00edrodn\u011b tmav\u00e9 obloze, uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed, \u017ee byly pozorovateln\u00e9 st\u00edny od Ml\u00e9\u010dn\u00e9 dr\u00e1hy. A v nejtmav\u0161\u00edch lokalit\u00e1ch na sv\u011bt\u011b (jihoamerick\u00e9 Andy) si lze pov\u0161imnout i st\u00edn\u016f, kter\u00e9 vrhaj\u00ed objekty osv\u011btlen\u00e9 zv\u00ed\u0159etn\u00edkov\u00fdm sv\u011btlem. Bohu\u017eel v Beskydech ji\u017e nen\u00ed obloha natolik tmav\u00e1, aby \u0161la v\u011bt\u0161ina z t\u011bchto jev\u016f pozorovat.<\/p>\n

\"St\u00edn<\/a>
\nSt\u00edn dalekohledu osv\u011btlen\u00fd planetou Venu\u0161\u00ed, Zdroj: www.lex.sk.ca<\/a><\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

Bioluminiscence<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Snad ka\u017ed\u00fd jsme u\u017e n\u011bkdy vid\u011bli sv\u011bt\u00e9lkovat sv\u011btlu\u0161ky. To v\u0161ak nejsou jedin\u00ed z\u00e1stupci sv\u011bt\u00e9lkuj\u00edc\u00edch organism\u016f. Na sv\u011bt\u011b existuje 620 druh\u016f sv\u011bt\u00e9lkuj\u00edc\u00edch zv\u00ed\u0159at, 18 druh\u016f hub, 13 prvok\u016f a 2 druhy bakteri\u00ed! Mohou to b\u00fdt \u010dervi, pavouci, hlem\u00fd\u017edi, med\u00fazy, vodn\u00ed mikroorganismy a dal\u0161\u00ed. U n\u00e1s v Beskydech je pak re\u00e1ln\u00e1 mo\u017enost spat\u0159it \u201esv\u011bt\u00e9lkuj\u00edc\u00ed d\u0159evo\u201c, nebo houby. Ide\u00e1ln\u00ed je k tomu tepl\u00e1 letn\u00ed noc po de\u0161ti. Mechanismus sv\u011bt\u00e9lkov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u0159eva je skryt v houb\u00e1ch \u2013 nesv\u011bt\u00e9lkuje strom, ale houby, kter\u00e9 ho rozkl\u00e1daj\u00ed. Ide\u00e1ln\u00ed jsou proto star\u00e9 ztrouchniv\u011bl\u00e9 pa\u0159ezy.<\/p>\n

\"Sv\u011bt\u00e9lkuj\u00edc\u00ed<\/a>
\nSv\u011bt\u00e9lkuj\u00edc\u00ed houby, Zdroj: 0.tqn.com<\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Tma je v noci stav p\u0159irozen\u00fd, stejn\u011b jako sv\u011btlo ve dne. Velk\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f je aktivn\u00ed v noci (nap\u0159\u00edklad u n\u011bkter\u00fdch hmyz\u00edch \u0159\u00e1d\u016f i 80 %). Dne\u0161n\u00ed zp\u016fsob vyu\u017eit\u00ed elekt\u0159iny p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed probl\u00e9m nadm\u011brn\u00e9ho sv\u00edcen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 v\u00e1\u017en\u011b naru\u0161uje p\u0159irozen\u00e9 \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed a chov\u00e1n\u00ed \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f i rostlin. Z tohoto d\u016fvodu by m\u011bla b\u00fdt ochrana no\u010dn\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed samoz\u0159ejmou […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.boto.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.boto.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.boto.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.boto.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.boto.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=16"}],"version-history":[{"count":66,"href":"http:\/\/www.boto.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":56,"href":"http:\/\/www.boto.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16\/revisions\/56"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.boto.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=16"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}